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Addictions & Substance Use Treatment

    Results: 44

  • Addictions/Dependencies Support Groups for Faith Communities (1)
    PN-8100.0500 * YR

    Addictions/Dependencies Support Groups * Faith Communities

    PN-8100.0500 * YR

    Mutual support groups whose members are individuals who are involved in substance abuse or have other dependencies or compulsive behaviors. The groups meet in-person, by telephone or via the Internet; provide emotional support, information and resources to help those who participate modify their behavior; and may include faith-based and secular 12-step groups as well as non-12 step groups.

    Voluntary organizations whose members adhere to, profess or entertain the same religious creed, persuasion or tenets and usually meet on a regular basis for the purpose of worship, religious instruction and support for the group's ministry. Religious beliefs usually include a system of ethics, a philosophy of life, dogma regarding the nature and role of one or more deities, and a body of doctrine which governs religious observances and practices.

  • Addictions/Substance Use Disorder Support Groups (6)
    PN-8100.0500

    Addictions/Substance Use Disorder Support Groups

    PN-8100.0500

    Mutual support groups whose members are individuals who have a substance use disorder or any of a number of behavioral addictions which are akin to substance-related disorders in clinical expression, brain origin, comorbidity, physiology and treatment. The groups meet in-person, by telephone or via the Internet; provide emotional support, information and resources to help those who participate modify their behavior; and may include faith-based and secular 12-step groups as well as non-12 step groups.
  • Adolescent/Youth Counseling for Teenage Drug Abusers (1)
    RP-1400.8000-050 * YF-8000.1800-850

    Adolescent/Youth Counseling * Teenage Drug Abusers

    RP-1400.8000-050 * YF-8000.1800-850

    Programs that specialize in the treatment of adolescents, usually age 12 or 13 through 17, who have adjustment problems, behavior problems, emotional disturbance, a personality disorder or incipient mental illness. The programs may help youth troubled by low self-esteem, social isolation, peer pressure, bullying, school performance issues, truancy, anger management issues, family problems, grief and loss, sexual promiscuity, sexually transmitted disease, alcohol or drug addiction, eating disorders, oppositional and defiant behaviors, depression and anxiety, suicidal thoughts or other difficult issues.

    Children and adolescents who have a drug dependency or abuse problem.

  • Alcohol Detoxification (2)
    RX-1700.0500

    Alcohol Detoxification

    RX-1700.0500

    Programs that provide assistance and support for individuals who are physically dependent on alcohol during the alcohol withdrawal period (usually three to seven days).
  • Alcohol Use Disorder Counseling (4)
    RX-8450.8000-050

    Alcohol Use Disorder Counseling

    RX-8450.8000-050

    Programs that provide individual, group or family therapy for people who have problems related to excessive alcohol use (and/or for their families) to help them better understand the nature of the disorder and support recovery efforts.
  • Alcohol Use Disorder Education/Prevention (3)
    RX-8250.0500

    Alcohol Use Disorder Education/Prevention

    RX-8250.0500

    Programs that provide information about alcohol use disorders (including the symptoms, screening and diagnostic procedures and methods of treatment) and/or which offer any of a variety of services that focus on excessive alcohol use prevention for people of all ages who are at risk. Included may be printed materials or videos that address the subject; psycho-educational and skill building activities; structured groups which focus on family dynamics, problem solving, self-esteem and similar issues; and presentations in schools and agencies and to family groups regarding the dangers of excessive alcohol use, the signs of related disorders, the potential legal consequences of excessive alcohol use and how to get help.
  • Alcohol Use Disorder Support Groups (1)
    PN-8100.0500-070

    Alcohol Use Disorder Support Groups

    PN-8100.0500-070

    Mutual support groups whose members are individuals who have or are at risk of an alcohol use disorder. The groups meet in-person, by telephone or via the Internet; provide emotional support, information and resources to help participants overcome their disorder; and may include faith-based and secular 12-step groups as well as non-12 step groups, and groups for anesthetists, pharmacists, psychologists, physicians or other health care professionals who are recovering from an alcohol use disorder.
  • Alcohol Use Related Recovery Homes/Halfway Houses (1)
    RX-8500.6500-050

    Alcohol Use Related Recovery Homes/Halfway Houses

    RX-8500.6500-050

    Community-based, peer-group-oriented, residential facilities that provide food, shelter and recovery services in a supportive, non-drinking, drug-free environment for people who have completed a hospital or residential alcohol use disorder rehabilitation program and need continued support in a residential setting to sustain their recovery. Services may include case management, relapse prevention counseling, 12-step meetings, educational and vocational planning, recreational activities and assistance in obtaining health, social, vocational and other services available in the community. Residents are expected to abide by house rules which vary from facility to facility. The objective is to help people who are recovering from an alcohol use disorder bridge the gap between intensive treatment and independent sober living.
  • Alcohol/Drug Impaired Driving Prevention (1)
    RX-8250.0550

    Alcohol/Drug Impaired Driving Prevention

    RX-8250.0550

    Organizations that sponsor a variety of educational programs that attempt to discourage adolescents and adults from driving a motor vehicle while under the influence of alcohol or drugs that have an impact on their reflexes or judgment. The objective of the program is to reduce the incidence of accidents caused by drinking/drug-impaired drivers.
  • Buprenorphine Based MAT Programs (1)
    RX-8450.5000-100

    Buprenorphine Based MAT Programs

    RX-8450.5000-100

    Medication assisted treatment (MAT) programs that use buprenorphin to help people with an opioid use disorder abstain from or reduce their use of opioids (usually heroin or painkillers such as oxycondin or morphine). Buprenorphine produces a weaker version of effects (including euphoria and respiratory depression) that are associated with full drugs such as heroin and methadone. The effects increase with each dose until at moderate doses they level off, lowering the risk of misuse, dependency and side effects. Treatment occurs in three phases: a medically monitored start-up phase when the patient is in early stages of withdrawal; a stabilization phase after a patient has discontinued or greatly reduced their misuse of the problem drug, no longer has cravings, and experiences few, if any, side effects; and a maintenance phase when a patient is doing well on a steady dose of buprenorphine. The length of time of the maintenance phase is tailored to each patient and could be indefinite. Once an individual is stabilized, an alternative approach would be to go into a medically supervised withdrawal, which makes the transition from a physically dependent state smoother. People then can engage in further rehabilitation—with or without MAT—to prevent a possible relapse. Ideal candidates for opioid dependency treatment with buprenorphine have an opioid use disorder diagnosis, are willing to follow safety precautions for the treatment, have been cleared of any health conflicts with using the drug and have reviewed other treatment options before agreeing to buprenorphine treatment.
  • Central Intake/Assessment for Substance Use Disorders (2)
    RX-0400.1500

    Central Intake/Assessment for Substance Use Disorders

    RX-0400.1500

    Programs that serve as gatekeeper agencies which evaluate individuals who are in need of services related to an alcohol or other drug use disorder and triage them for the limited number of subsidized beds that may be available in the community. Some programs may also offer medical detoxification services for people who need them.
  • Comprehensive Outpatient Substance Use Disorder Treatment (3)
    RX-8450.1150

    Comprehensive Outpatient Substance Use Disorder Treatment

    RX-8450.1150

    Supervised, structured programs that offer a wide range of outpatient services which may be coordinated by a case manager and may include individual and group counseling, 12-step meetings, social and recreational activities, educational and vocational services, life skills training, primary health care, perinatal health care, a program for family members, relapse prevention services, a continuing care program and supportive services (such as child care, transportation and parenting skills development) for individuals who have problems related to excessive use of alcohol and/or use of other drugs and need access to treatment to maintain their individual recovery plans but do not require the intensity of a day treatment program or 24-hour hospital care. Participants attend the program on a regularly scheduled basis at least once a month but usually more frequently depending on their individual needs. Intensive outpatient programs are usually available three or four days per week for three or four hours per day.
  • Day Rehabilitation (1)
    LR-1610

    Day Rehabilitation

    LR-1610

    Programs that provide intensive rehabilitation services for medically stable patients who have sustained a significant loss of independent living skills a result of stroke, brain injury, spinal cord injury, multiple trauma, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, ALS or other physical or neurological conditions; and require coordinated care and multiple therapies to address their extensive rehabilitation needs. Services include an evaluation of the person's abilities and disabilities and the development and implementation of a rehabilitation plan that may incorporate physical, occupational, speech and/or other types of therapies; education about modifications in lifestyle that may be necessary including information about diet, exercise and stress reduction; guidance in using adaptive devices which maximize the individual's functional abilities; and counseling for the person and/or significant others to facilitate a positive adjustment to the person's current condition. Patients receive therapy for several hours a day, up to five days a week and return to their communities each evening to integrate skills learned in therapy into their daily activities. Treatment teams may include physiatrists, physical and occupational therapists, rehabilitation nurses, speech and language pathologists, psychologists, vocational rehabilitation specialists, counselors and case managers. Day rehabilitation services may be provided by general acute care hospitals or skilled nursing facilities.
  • Detoxification (3)
    RX-1700

    Detoxification

    RX-1700

    Programs that provide assistance and support for individuals who are physically dependent on substances of any kind during the withdrawal period. Detoxification is a medical regimen aimed at managing acute intoxication and withdrawal by systematically reducing the amount of the addictive substance in a patient’s body, providing reasonable control of active withdrawal symptoms and/or averting a life-threatening medical crisis related to the substance. Detoxification in generally conducted under the supervision of a physician, can take place in a wide variety of settings and at a number of levels of intensity within these settings and has three stages: evaluation, stabilization and fostering patient readiness for and entry into treatment.
  • Drug Courts (1)
    FC-8200.8100-170

    Drug Courts

    FC-8200.8100-170

    Special courts that have been given the responsibility to handle cases involving drug-addicted offenders through an extensive supervision and treatment program. Drug court participants undergo long-term treatment and counseling sanctions, incentives and frequent court appearances. Successful completion of the program results in dismissal of charges, reduced or set aside sentences, lesser penalties, or a combination of these.
  • Drug Detoxification (3)
    RX-1700.1700

    Drug Detoxification

    RX-1700.1700

    Programs that provide assistance and support for individuals who exhibit pharmacological and other indicators of a drug use disorder (including those related to prescription medication), during the withdrawal period.
  • Drug Related Crisis Intervention (1)
    RX-8470.8200-180

    Drug Related Crisis Intervention

    RX-8470.8200-180

    Programs that provide in-person, immediate response services for individuals who have had an adverse or psychotic-like reaction to drugs, have taken an overdose of drugs or are otherwise in a life-threatening situation because of drug use. Included are 24-hour facilities that have emergency intake capabilities and organizations that have mobile units which allow staff to intervene directly at the scene.
  • Drug Use Disorder Counseling (1)
    RX-8450.8000-180

    Drug Use Disorder Counseling

    RX-8450.8000-180

    Programs that provide individual, group or family therapy for individuals who have problems related to drug use (and/or for their families) to help them better understand the nature of the disorder and support recovery efforts.
  • Drug Use Disorder Counseling for Addictions/Dependencies Issues (1)
    RX-8450.8000-180 * YZ-0150

    Drug Use Disorder Counseling * Addictions/Dependencies Issues

    RX-8450.8000-180 * YZ-0150

    Programs that provide individual, group or family therapy for individuals who have problems related to drug use (and/or for their families) to help them better understand the nature of the disorder and support recovery efforts. * Programs that provide information and/or services that deal generally with the topic of addiction/dependency.
  • Drug Use Related Recovery Homes/Halfway Houses (1)
    RX-8500.6500-180

    Drug Use Related Recovery Homes/Halfway Houses

    RX-8500.6500-180

    Community-based, peer-group-oriented, residential facilities that provide food, shelter and recovery services in a supportive, non-drinking, drug free environment for people who have completed a hospital or residential drug use disorder rehabilitation program and need continued support in a residential setting to sustain their recovery. Services may include case management, relapse prevention counseling, 12-step meetings, educational and vocational planning, recreational activities and assistance in obtaining health, social, vocational and other services available in the community. Residents are expected to abide by house rules which vary from facility to facility. The objective is to help people who are recovering from a drug use disorder bridge the gap between intensive treatment and independent drug-free living.
  • DUI Victim Panels (1)
    RX-1750.1800

    DUI Victim Panels

    RX-1750.1800

    Programs that organize community meetings in which volunteers who have been victims, offenders or witnesses describe the experiences they or loved ones have endured as a result of the actions of alcohol/drug impaired drivers. The objective of the panels is to encourage people to make responsible choices. Individuals who have been convicted of driving under the influence, as well as other alcohol related offenses, may be mandated by the court system to attend one of these meetings as a condition of their sentencing.
  • Eating Disorders Treatment (1)
    RP-6400.1900

    Eating Disorders Treatment

    RP-6400.1900

    Multidisciplinary programs, often offered on an inpatient basis with post-discharge outpatient therapy, that provide comprehensive diagnostic and treatment services for individuals who have anorexia nervosa, binge-eating disorder, bulimia or a related eating disorder. Treatment depends on the specific type of eating disorder involved but typically involves psychotherapy, nutrition education, family counseling, medication and hospitalization, if required, to stabilize the patient's health.
  • Gambling Addiction Counseling (1)
    RP-1400.8000-250

    Gambling Addiction Counseling

    RP-1400.8000-250

    Programs that provide emotional support, information and guidance for people who are having difficulty controlling their compulsion to gamble, and for their families. Some programs may include a financial counseling and/or management component which helps individuals deal with issues related to their spending and accumulated debt.
  • General Addictions/Substance Use Disorder Support Groups (1)
    PN-8100.0500-270

    General Addictions/Substance Use Disorder Support Groups

    PN-8100.0500-270

    Mutual support groups whose members are people who have any type of behavioral addiction or a substance use disorder involving alcohol or other drugs. The groups meet in-person, by telephone or via the Internet; provide emotional support, information and resources to help those who participate modify their behavior; and may include faith-based and secular 12-step groups as well as non-12 step groups.
  • Ignition Interlock Device Programs (1)
    RX-1750.3300

    Ignition Interlock Device Programs

    RX-1750.3300

    Programs that install and monitor the use of an ignition interlock device in vehicles driven by individuals convicted of repeated DUI violations and given the option by the court of using the device for a specified period of time (generally one year) in lieu of or in addition to other sanctions. The device prevents operation of the vehicle until the driver passes a breath alcohol test using an analyzer connected to the vehicle's ignition system.
  • Individual Counseling for Addiction/Dependency Issues (1)
    RF-3300 * YZ-0150

    Individual Counseling * Addiction/Dependency Issues

    RF-3300 * YZ-0150

    Programs that offer personal therapeutic sessions in which the therapist works on a one-to-one basis with clients to help them resolve their mental, emotional or social problems.

    Programs that provide information and/or services that deal generally with the topic of addiction/dependency.

  • Inpatient Substance Use Disorder Treatment Facilities (1)
    RX-8450.3300

    Inpatient Substance Use Disorder Treatment Facilities

    RX-8450.3300

    Health care facilities that provide structured treatment programs and support services in the context of a 24-hour, supervised environment for individuals who have problems related to excessive use of alcohol and/or use of other drugs. Included are hospitals that are totally devoted to treatment for substance use disorders and programs within general inpatient health care facilities.
  • Medication Assisted Treatment (MAT) (2)
    RX-8450.5000

    Medication Assisted Treatment (MAT)

    RX-8450.5000

    Programs that provide treatment which includes approved medication (e.g., methadone, buprenorphine, naltrexone, antabuse) to support the efforts of individuals with an opioid or alcohol use disorder to abstain from or reduce their use of opioids (usually heroin or painkillers such as oxycontin or morphine) or alcohol. The extended-release, injectable form of naltrexone (Vivitrol) may also be used. The objective of maintenance is to gradually reduce the amount of the substitute drug that is required in order to reduce and, if possible, eventually eliminate dependency altogether. Medication assisted maintenance treatment (MAT) may be provided in an outpatient treatment program (OTP) or OTP unit such as a pharmacy or physician's office, or for buprenorphine products (Bunavail, Suboxone, Subutex, Zubslov), a physician's office or other health care setting. Methadone maintenance treatment is provided in a clinic. It is recommended that medication assisted maintenance treatment be provided in combination with counseling and behavioral therapies.
  • Mental Health and Substance Use Disorder Services (4)
    R

    Mental Health and Substance Use Disorder Services

    R

    Programs that provide preventive, diagnostic and treatment services in a variety of community and hospital-based settings to help people achieve, maintain and enhance a state of emotional well-being, personal empowerment and the skills to cope with everyday demands without excessive stress or reliance on alcohol or other drugs. Treatment may include emotional support, introspection and problem-solving assistance using a variety of modalities and approaches, and medication, as needed, for individuals who have a substance use disorder involving alcohol and/or other drugs or for people who range from experiencing difficult life transitions or problems in coping with daily living to those with severe, chronic mental illnesses that seriously impact their lives.
  • Opioid Antidote Distribution Programs (1)
    RX-8470.1900-630

    Opioid Antidote Distribution Programs

    RX-8470.1900-630

    Programs that distribute Narcan or other similar substances that block the effects of opiates such as heroin, morphine, codeine, OxyContin, methadone, fentanyl and Vicodin but cannot themselves be used to get a person high. Opiate antidotes can be used to reverse the effects of an opiate overdose including restoring breathing that has stopped or slowed down, and may be distributed to opiate users to reduce the number of deaths that occur from opiate overdose.
  • Opioid Detoxification (1)
    RX-1700.1700-500

    Opioid Detoxification

    RX-1700.1700-500

    Programs that specialize in providing detoxification services for people who have a physical dependency on an opioid substance (usually heroin, oxycodone or morphine). Detoxification methods vary but often entail stabilization via prescription medication such as methadone, buprenorphine (Subutex), buprenorphine-naloxone (Suboxone) or naltrexone administered by medical professionals. Specialized opioid detoxification programs can be either inpatient or outpatient.
  • Outpatient Drug Detoxification (1)
    RX-1700.1700-650

    Outpatient Drug Detoxification

    RX-1700.1700-650

    Programs operated under the supervision of trained physicians, nurses or counselors on an outpatient basis in a medical clinic or other similar setting that provide assistance and support including medical treatment and possibly prescription medication to help individuals who exhibit pharmacological and other indicators of a drug use disorder involving substances other than opiates (e.g., cocaine, amphetamines, benzodiazepines) during the withdrawal period.
  • Outpatient Medically Assisted Alcohol Detoxification (1)
    RX-1700.0500-650

    Outpatient Medically Assisted Alcohol Detoxification

    RX-1700.0500-650

    Programs operated under the supervision of trained physicians, nurses or counselors on an outpatient basis in a medical clinic or other similar setting that provide assistance and support including medical treatment and possibly prescription drugs to help individuals who are physically dependent on alcohol during the withdrawal period.
  • Recovery Homes/Halfway Houses (1)
    RX-8500.6500

    Recovery Homes/Halfway Houses

    RX-8500.6500

    Community-based, peer-group-oriented, residential facilities that provide food, shelter and recovery services in a supportive, non-drinking, drug-free environment for people who have completed a hospital or residential substance use disorder rehabilitation program and need continued support in a residential setting to sustain their recovery. Services may include case management, relapse prevention counseling, 12-step meetings, educational and vocational planning, recreational activities and assistance in obtaining health, social, vocational and other services available in the community. Residents are expected to abide by house rules which vary from facility to facility. The objective is to help people who are recovering from an alcohol and/or other drug use disorder bridge the gap between intensive treatment and independent sober living.
  • Relapse Prevention Programs for Veterans (1)
    RX-8470.6900 * YN-9000

    Relapse Prevention Programs * Veterans

    RX-8470.6900 * YN-9000

    Programs that provide structured therapy groups or other interventions which help recovering substance abusers make the cognitive, behavioral and attitudinal changes that are necessary to prevent them from returning to their previous patterns of alcohol or other drug abuse. The program helps participants deal in a very focused way with a wide variety of issues that have an impact on their commitment to sobriety and may include topics like exercise, nutrition, boredom, addictive behavior, looking forward, work and recovery, guilt and shame, the role of 12-step programs, staying busy, truthfulness, trust, repairing relationships, anger management, money management and dealing with feelings.

    Individuals who are former members of one of the branches of the armed forces and who, by length and type of services, honorable discharge or release or degree of disability, qualify for the benefits and privileges that are provided by law for ex-servicemen and women.

  • Residential Substance Abuse Treatment Facilities for Teenage Alcoholics / Teenage Drug Abusers (1)
    RX-8450.7000 * YF-8000.0500-850 * YF-8000.1800-850

    Residential Substance Abuse Treatment Facilities * Teenage Alcoholics / Teenage Drug Abusers

    RX-8450.7000 * YF-8000.0500-850 * YF-8000.1800-850

    Community-based residential facilities that provide treatment services in the context of a 24-hour, supervised drug and alcohol-free environment for people who have problems related to substance abuse.

    Children and adolescents who have a problem with alcohol dependency or abuse.

    Children and adolescents who have a drug dependency or abuse problem.

  • Retreat Centers (1)
    TC-7000

    Retreat Centers

    TC-7000

    Organizations that provide access to facilities in secluded, peaceful surroundings for individuals and organizations that want to sponsor weekday or weekend retreats. Meeting space, sleeping facilities and meals are usually provided. Recreational facilities may also be available.
  • Specialized Treatment and Prevention (2)
    LT

    Specialized Treatment and Prevention

    LT

    Programs that offer medical or surgical procedures or behavior management interventions that have been developed to ameliorate or cure a specific disease, disability or condition or which modify the circumstances under which health care is provided based on the condition and mobility of the patient. Also included are programs for people who have a family history or other risk factors associated with a chronic disease or other types of illness that help them make lifestyle or other changes that can prevent the disease or limit the initial onset.
  • Substance Use Disorder Counseling (3)
    RX-8450.8000

    Substance Use Disorder Counseling

    RX-8450.8000

    Programs that provide individual, group or family therapy for individuals who have problems related to the excessive use of alcohol and/or use of other drugs (and/or for their families) to help them better understand the nature of the disorder and support recovery efforts.
  • Substance Use Disorder Counselors (6)
    YO-5000.8000

    Substance Use Disorder Counselors

    YO-5000.8000

    Individuals who specialize in providing counseling in an individual or group setting that helps people with alcohol and/or drug use disorders better understand the nature of the disorder and supports their recovery efforts. Substance abuse counselors also offer assistance to family members and others affected by the situation with the objective of helping them cope with and provide support for the individual undergoing treatment. They refer clients for other support services (such as medical evaluation and treatment, social services and employment support) as needed; monitor the progress of the client to evaluate the success of the therapy; and adapt the treatment plan as needed. Many also work at the community level and are involved in the development and implementation of substance use disorder prevention programs.
  • Substance Use Disorder Education/Prevention (1)
    RX-8250

    Substance Use Disorder Education/Prevention

    RX-8250

    Programs that provide information about substance use disorders (including the substances most commonly used and their effects, the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders, screening and diagnostic procedures and methods of treatment) and/or which offer any of a variety of services that focus on substance use prevention for people of all ages who are at risk. Included may be printed materials or videos that address the subject; psycho-educational and skill building activities; structured groups which focus on family dynamics, problem-solving, self-esteem and similar issues; and presentations in schools and agencies and to family groups regarding the dangers of alcohol and drug use and smoking, the signs of substance use disorders, the legal consequences of illegal substance use and how to get help.
  • Substance Use Disorder Services (1)
    RX

    Substance Use Disorder Services

    RX

    Programs that provide preventive, diagnostic and inpatient, outpatient and residential treatment services as well as transitional support for people whose use of one or a combination of substances including alcohol, tobacco or other drugs has resulted in impaired control over their use of the substance, risky use (e.g., using alcohol or other drugs while operating machinery or driving), impairment of personal, social or occupational functioning and/or evidence of tolerance or withdrawal symptoms.
  • Substance Use Disorder Treatment Orders (1)
    RX-0400.8200

    Substance Use Disorder Treatment Orders

    RX-0400.8200

    Programs that conduct investigations to determine whether an individual is endangered by a drug or alcohol use disorder. The program may request an order for involuntary treatment if the person is found to be at risk of self harm or harm to another in situations where all voluntary options have been exhausted. Substance use disorder treatment orders are issued by the court following a hearing which is held to examine the evidence and to consider the testimony of people involved in the situation. In the case of juveniles younger than age 18, the order may also include instructions which authorize the apprehension of the youth and confinement in a protective setting for detoxification and/or further assessment.
  • Tobacco Use Education/Prevention (1)
    RX-8250.8000

    Tobacco Use Education/Prevention

    RX-8250.8000

    Programs that provide information about smoking and nicotine addiction, the dangers associated with smoking or utilizing other substances containing nicotine, the risks associated with exposure to second hand smoke and different approaches to smoking cessation with the objective of preventing people from starting to smoke or of helping them find a way to give up the habit if they already use tobacco products. Included may be printed materials or videos that address the subject and presentations in schools and agencies and to family groups.